Weekly magazine “Argumenty I Fakty” No. 22. Grandfather-hydromet? How to improve the accuracy of weather forecasts 02/06/2021 Plot Social Security
I plan to work part-time on leave to care for a child up to 1.5 years. Work allows you to work remotely. Will I lose my allowance?
Yes, you can work remotely while on parental leave for up to 1.5 years, and keep your monthly payments. But only under the condition of part-time work (Article 256 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). To do this, you need to draw up an additional agreement to the employment contract, where it will be indicated. How much exactly is the working day reduced fromthe corresponding salary reduction is negotiated with the employer. At the same time, most of the time should be devoted to caring for the child, and not to work. It is clear that if the mother receives a salary in full or almost in full, she loses the right to benefits. After all, the essence of this payment is to compensate for the loss of earnings during child care.
Weekly magazine “Argumenty I Fakty” No. 22. Grandfather-hydromet? How to improve the accuracy of weather forecasts 02/06/2021 Plot Social Security
In the clinic, I was issued an electronic sick leave for child care. And the employer requires a paper one. Is it legal?
If the employer is technically ready to work with electronic disability certificates (ELN), the refusal to accept them is a violation of the employee’s rights. If the clinic has already issued you an ELN, then for timely receipt of benefits, the employer can download the free software “Preparation of calculations for the FSS” on the website of the FSS of the Russian Federation and use it to get an electronic sheet.
You can find out in advance whether the personnel department accepts the ELN. & shy;However, the right to choose the form of sick leave – paper or electronic – remains with the citizen. Most employers have an electronic signature for submitting reports to the tax, FIU and FSS, and there are no difficulties in accepting ELN for payment. In addition, mostdevelopers of accounting programs and systems for reporting (1C, Parus, Vlsi, Kontur, etc.) have implemented the function of working with ELN in the basic versions of their programs. The employer can consult about working with the ELN in the territorial body of the Fund.
Weekly magazine “Argumenty I Fakty” No. 22. Grandfather-hydromet? How to improve the accuracy of weather forecasts 02/06/2021
“The only peculiarity of the Muscovites, which has not yet been solved by me, is their constant, mysterious interest in the weather. Everyone listens to the program with bated breath, so that the next day they can catch it in the inaccuracies. Writer Fazil Iskander I was wrong only in one thing: everyone is interested in the weather. When will meteorologists stop upsetting us with inaccurate forecasts?
And the rain is still off the schedule!
For these people, there is no bad weather, only one that needs to be tracked, measured, and described.
Meteorologist Nina Malygina at work. Photo: AIF/Alexandra Mikhova
At the weather kitchen
Meteorological observations are made every three hours at the station in Murmansk. Temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind characteristics are measured automatically. But without the help of an observer, the summary will be incomplete.
If the computer suddenly fails, the summary will be compiled manually and transmitted to the Hydrometeorological Center by phone. And since the Soviet times, heliograph, pluvio-graph, and osadko-mer have been working. You can’t remove them, you never know what! The temperature and humidity of the air are continuously recorded by a thermograph and a hygrograph. Once a day, the tapes of the recorders are changed, the ink here is glycerine, it does not freeze, says the meteorologist Nina Malygina, worked at the hydrometeorological station for more than 50 years.The Pluvio Graph, for example, keeps a continuous record of rain. There was no precipitation today, so there is a flat line on the chart. In the weather booth, thermometers are used to determine extreme temperatures and air humidity.
Nina Ivanovna takes the usual route around all the equipment. To determine the amount of precipitation, the precipitation bucket is replaced 4 times a day. And here is the shape and the number of clouds here is determined by the eye.
Today, the clouds are layered-cumulus, 10 points with gaps, Nina Ivanovna quickly calculated.Their height is determined by a laser meter, and their shape, given the variety of their types, can only be determined by a specialist.
10 years ago, automated systems began to be installed at weather stations. For example, on Tsypnavolok, on the coast of the Barents Sea, reports are transmitted automatically, forecasters go there only for maintenance.
Many weather stations were closed back in the Soviet era. I think if they worked, there would be more information for making forecasts now. In Murmansk, for example, there were gradient altitude observations on the TV mast. At different altitudes, the temperature and wind were measured, and the weather forecasters needed this data very much. But the devices are outdated, they had to be changed to modern, more expensive ones, and that’s all the money, the meteorologist sighs.
The Arctic is often called the “kitchen of the weather”, which has become much warmer in recent years.
“In the half-century that I have been working, it has become much warmer in the North,” recalls Nina Ivanovna.In fact, it is very difficult to make forecasts in Murmansk. The weather changes quickly. In the morning you can come to work in sandals, and in the evening snow will fall! Such are the conditions – in the Arctic we live!
With a risk to life
In the Primorsky Territory, last summer was distinguished by numerous tropical storms, going strictly along the same trajectory from the south to the north.
“We see an approaching cyclone and calculate its approach for 10 days ahead,” explains the head of the Primhydromet Boris Kubai. & ndash; Every day the situation changes, the error increases. We can wait for the confidence to increase to 100%. But it is important for someone to have information for a few days in order to adjust their plans.
And the icy rain that hit Vladivostok on November 19 20 , 2020, entered the history of destructive meteorological phenomena. Researchers say that this has not been the case in these parts for several decades: fallen trees and poles, broken wires. Thousands of people were left without electricity, heat, or water.
On that day, Igor Subbotkin was on duty at the weather station located on the Busse Hill in the area of Golubina Padi, popularly called the Mountain. When the instruments recorded storm gusts exceeding 35 m/s, metal pillars fell down, showing the strength and direction of the wind.
“Power poles fell, telephone communication, Internet connection was lost,” the expert says.The ice layer on the holo-ice machine reached up to 28 mm! Automatic devices are out of order, there are duplicates, working in manual mode. Usually the windmasts help us outwith weather vents that transmit information over a cable to a computer in the Primhydromet center. But the miracle of technology broke down, and I had to take an anemometer, go outside and manually hold this device to take a reading. On the site was demolished! Something unimaginable was happening.
The most important observation posts in Vladivostok and Artyom Do are still undergoing restoration work.
And a vegetable garden to boot
It is not easy for the meteorologists who work at the Lokshak weather station, in the upper reaches of the Zei River in the Amur region. Hard-to-reach posts are located on all major rivers. And the number of posts has been unchanged, at least since 2015, since I have been in charge of the observatory, says the director of the hydrometeorological observatory of the 2nd category, Zey Sergey Alekseev. Only all-terrain vehicles will pass through there. The shift works there for a whole year, then goes on vacation. Each post has a residential building. Communication goes through radio stations. Our working hours are continuous. Any break is already a skipping of observations, which will then affect the forecasts.
Sometimes there is a staff turnover at the posts-not everyone can cope psychologically. Six months-a year & ndash; and quit. I myself go to such posts once or twice a year. It’s quiet there, but the silence is just up to the ringing in your ears. Maybe that’s what gets on your nerves the most. From & nbsp; pluses here – fishing, wild plants, fresh air. And every post has a vegetable garden.
Hair – the most accurate
“The most reliable assistants to meteorologists are devices, the principles of which do not change for decades,” says the head of the department of hydrometeorological support of the Volgograd CGMS Natalia AlatyrtsevaThey are placed in a special psychrometric booth. In it, at a height of 2 m, 2 thermometers are installed: one is dry, the other is wet. To the latter is tied a cloth of cambric, constantly moistened with distilled water. The hygrometer is a unique device that uses human hair in its device. And only from a natural blonde, it is most sensitive to humidity fluctuations!
All information is promptly transmitted from Volgograd to the North Caucasus Center, and from there to the Obninsk Meteorological Data Bank. Here computers came to our aid, and 40 years ago our specialist tapped out information in Morse code.
The climate in the Rostov region is called “abominably continental” by local residents: in winter it is cold and biting wind, in summer it is 40-degree heat. For this reason, predicting the weather here is especially difficult.
“We are located in a flat area and are open to all possible weather events, except for the northern lights,” says Elena Nazarova, head of the Rostov Hydrometeorological Center. There are cyclones coming from the western part of the country, from which there is no natural protection in the form of mountains or forests. And in the summer, anticyclones are installed, which carry the very famous Rostov heat. What will be the effect of the merger of different phenomena, in the long term, it is difficult to predict. Therefore, we only give fairly accurate forecasts for the three days ahead.
There are 19 weather stations operating in the region. According to E. Nazarova, most of the meteorologists are residents of the Don cities and towns, many of them are people of the same age. And in the Rostov Hydrometeorological center there are also young people, this profession is very interesting.
“Our salaries are federal, not less than the minimum wage,” the expert says.
The forecast did not come out
“There are no reliable numerical methods for predicting natural hazards yet,” says the chief forecaster of the Ural Department of Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring.Galina Sheporenko.
And & nbsp; imagination in & nbsp; help
Galina Andriyanovna, today it is often said that in the Soviet times, the products were better, the houses were built better, and the weather was more accurately predicted. Is that true?
“You know, no. Now the forecasts have become much better. In the ‘ 70s, weather forecasting was more difficult and serious errors occurred. Then outraged people started calling. They can be understood: the mother took the child to the kindergarten light and suddenly it became very cold. This, admittedly, affected the psyche, so we were always afraid to miss the unfavorable state of the weather.
How much has forecasting technology changed since the Soviet era?
& ndash; Significantly. 30–50 & nbsp; years ago, numerical modeling was not so common. Our more reliable numerical models only appeared in the ‘ 80s. They were very modest, small-scale, but they still helped. And before their appearance, the forecast was a ” hellip; let’s say, the scientific imagination of the forecaster. That is, knowing certain laws, he imagined what would happen tomorrow. I did, of course, certain calculations: how will this or that object behave, what will the atmosphere look like tomorrow or tomorrow?on the second or third day. But the atmosphere is a very mobile environment, and any unrecorded nuance can upset the balance. Therefore, then it was extremely difficult for forecasters and the work of specialists was associated with great psychological and emotional stress. I even met publications in which the profession of a weather forecaster was one of the most stressful precisely because of the tension, because of the sense of responsibility.
Today, forecasters feel much more confident and the forecasts are well justified.
Click to enlarge.
On their synoptic view
How does the forecasting process work these days?
It is based on the synoptic view. We have 36 weather stations on the territory of the region, and if you also take the Perm Region, Chelyabinsk and Kurgan regions, then you will get all 100. We collect meteorological information: rain, wind, what clouds and what their height is, the temperature of the soil surface,humidity of the air. We send our data from the Ural Bush in code format to the International Meteorological Center of Roshydromet in Moscow. The international exchange of information takes place every 3 hours. This is very important, because the weather is changeable, the atmosphere is mobile, it is necessary to monitor it over a large area.
The results of numerical simulations are transmitted here from the international center. To do this, you need very large computers that can process global information, which is exactly what the Russian Hydrometeorological Center has. And now, when this computer counts everything, it gives out a map of the state of the atmo-sphere, thanks to which we see what is happening.it will be tomorrow: what the atmospheric spherical field will look like, where the cyclone will occur, what intensity it will be, and so on. On the basis of these models, computational schemes are built that give directly the weather parameters: temperature, precipitation, wind, cloud cover.
& ndash; An ordinary weather forecast is preceded by such a huge amount of work!
Yes, this is a very large, knowledge-intensive and, I note, not cheap work. Now entire countries are joining together in creative scientific teams, which in addition to weather forecasters include physicists and mathematicians, to create their own numerical model, because it is difficult, expensive and time-consuming.
And, of course, we are engaged in tracking dangerous natural phenomena-they are still difficult to predict. There is probably no reliable numerical method.
Like hail from the sky
What do you mean by dangerous phenomena of nature?
There is a certain list. Let’s say it’s a wind with a speed of 25 m/s and higher. Now, there are no methods that can predict this wind more or less accurately. Or hail. This is a local phenomenon. For example, no weather station recorded it, and people call and say: “There was hail”.
It is not yet possible to develop the necessary methods, for which there are many reasons, including an insufficient observation network. The lack of knowledge of some atmospheric objects also plays a role. For example, it is very difficult to study the processes in the clouds, what happens there at the microphysical level.
Insufficient computing power also matters.
But any, let’s say, controversial case that has caused significant damage, the commission examines. I remember in May of 1984, snow fell on my knees and everything stood up. Then came the commission of the Federal Hydrometeorological Service, which came to the conclusion that it was almost impossible to predict this problem temporarily.
Almost all industries have experienced optimizations to some extent. Did it touch you?”
In the ‘ 90s, the number of observation posts was reduced by 30%. Until now, it is still not possible to expand their network. In general, the networks of weather stations on land are unevenly distributed, somewhere dense, somewhere empty. And the accuracy of the forecast depends on how far away the observation point is from you. The further away from each other these stations are, the worse the forecast will be.
Don’t you have a staff shortage?
There is, of course! The frames don’t hold up very well, because we don’t have a lot of fees. This is a shame, because the observation network needs to be protected – it is the basis of everything. There will be no observation network (weather stations, posts on atmospheric pollution, agrometeorological, hydrological).)& nbsp; & ndash; it will be bad. No forecasts, nothing will happen!
Who do the weather fairies serve?
In Europe, they pride themselves on the accuracy of their forecasts, but even there, the words “sometimes”, “probably” are present in any weather forecast.
“With each additional day beyond the next day, the quality of the weather forecast decreases,” the German Meteorological Service warns. In the weather reports for 24 hours, the match is 90%, and for the next three days, it is already 75%. But at the same time, in our time, the forecast for next week is as accurate as it was 40 years ago for tomorrow.
The German Meteorological Service is a state organization with the status of a federal agency, which belongs to the Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. The budget for 2021 is 361 million euros, of which 150 million go to contributions to international organizations (the European Satellite Organization).meteorology, etc.). Revenue & nbsp;19.5 & nbsp; million in & nbsp; year. In the Offenbach weather and climate monitoring system, 6 regional centers, 2,200 full-time employees, a monitoring network of 181 base weather stations (of which 164 are automated), 10 radiosonding stations, and 2 radiosonding stations.; observatories.
1737 weather stations are served by volunteers. The ad “Looking for volunteer weather observers” can often be found in different regions of Germany. What is required? A suitable plot of land where the meteorological service specialists will install their measuring instruments, the availability of the Internet and readiness for manual measurements of the precipitation level (data must be transmitted in the morning every day) and the maintenance of the station in order. For this, an annual compensation of 660 euros is due. In addition, Germany has a number of private weather services and serious competition.
In the 19th century. in Germany and Russia, they trusted the weather forecasts from frogs: “The tree frog screams” rain on the roof knocks”. Perhaps that is why the weather forecasters and weather forecasters on TV and radio are still called “the weather fairy” (if it is a lady) and “the weather frog” (in German, it is masculine).By the way, the Wetterpate campaign (“godfathers of the weather”) was invented in 2002 by students of the Institute of Meteorology of the Free UniversityBerlin, when the training weather station ran into financial problems. The names for the high and low pressure fronts are given out in October of the previous year. In even – numbered years, cyclones are given female names, anticyclones are given male names, and in odd – numbered years, the opposite is true. Those who want to give their name to the elements will cost 240 euros. The anticyclone is more expensive (its duration is longer) – 360 euros. All funds are used to provide meteorological research and weather observations.
How to improve the accuracy of weather forecasts?
The idea that something was wrong with the climate occurred to everyone. And scientists have been talking about this for decades.
So, maybe the meteorologists are wrong in their forecasts because the weather has become more unpredictable?
Vladimir Semenov, Deputy Director of the Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Climatology Laboratory of the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences:
– Everyone knows that global climate change is taking place on the planet. Since the beginning of the XX century. the temperature in the & nbsp; average increased by & nbsp; 1 & ndash;1.2 & deg; C. For Russia, this indicator is 2 times higher: on the territory of our country, it has warmed on average by 2.2-2.4 C.
Somewhere the warming is faster, somewhere slower, and somewhere there are also cold spells. Therefore, it is sometimes said that the climate has become more “nervous”, although scientists do not use such a word. Q: How does “nervousness” manifest itself? Warming is accompanied by an increase in humidity and an increase in the number of extreme weather events: squalls, heavy rains, tornadoes. Over the entire land area, the intensity of precipitation is increasing.
Russia is a huge country. The climate changes in the regions are different. For example, in Russia as a whole, such an indicator as temperature variability (from day to day, from week to week) is now decreasing. This is understandable: the temperature gradient between the northern and southern latitudes has decreased. But for the Moscow region, for example, the severity of weather anomalies in the spring has increased. We feel this contrast for ourselves when in May a sudden invasion of cold air masses occurs and we have to take out the winter clothes that have already been removed from the cabinets again.
It may seem that an increase in the number of extreme events should worsen the quality of weather forecasts, make them less accurate, because the weather becomes so unpredictable. But in fact, their accuracy depends entirely on other things, on the initial data, on how well we take into account the features of numerous processes that we cannot yet model and for which we use approximate models.equations. What are these processes? For example, what happens in the clouds, the formation of drops, precipitation. Or evaporation from the land and ocean surfaces, heat fluxes, radiation transport-often these processes occur at the molecular level, and they cannot be modeled explicitly, but only with the use of approximate formulas. But science continues to move in this direction and is constantly improving its description.
In general, despite the opinion that weather forecasts are wrong, their accuracy is growing due to the development of computer technologies.
The accuracy of forecasts is related to the spatial resolution of the models used by meteorologists. The higher the resolution, the more accurate the forecast. And just to accurately predict such extreme events as squalls, tornadoes, and heavy downpours (what happens when contrasting air masses touch), a higher spatial resolution of the models is required than it is now. The Hydrometeorological Center is now predicting these phenomena, but the accuracy of the forecast still leaves much to be desired.
And with more accurate modeling, it will be possible to predict that in a particular area in a certain period of time there will be a very high probability, for example, of a squall. Unfortunately, it is now impossible to provide the entire territory of Russia with such accurate forecasts. To do this, you need a model with a spatial resolution of 300 m. To create it, you need supercomputers of much greater power than we have now. We are significantly behind in this area.
Accurate forecasts are based on a huge amount of calculations. Their speed is unthinkable-about a thousand trillion calculations per second. Imagine: almost one-time, in increments of minutes, and then in seconds, differential equations with hundreds of variables are solved. The entire territory of the country is covered by a grid with a resolution of 1 km, and solutions of such equations are constantly occurring at each point. Without a powerful super – computer, it is impossible to do this. Its presence is a necessary condition for the development of accurate weather forecasts.
A few years ago, Hydro-Metcenter acquired a new super-computer and uses it. But its performance is inferior to European and American computing systems. And the Academy of Sciences does not have such a thing. The lack of computing resources, including for climate research, is the most acute problem of our science.
Weekly magazine “Argumenty I Fakty” No. 22. Grandfather-hydromet? How to improve the accuracy of weather forecasts 02/06/2021 Plot Social Security
I wanted to see my electronic sick leave, which I received for child care, to find out what payments I was charged for it. But the system says that “the specified sick leave is not in the database”, or gives an error. Where do I need to apply?
Information about the issued electronic sick leave can be viewed in the personal account of the recipient of the Fund’s services on the website of the FSS of the Russian Federation. To do this, you need to have an authorized account on the Public Services portal.
If you do not see your electronic disability certificate (ELN) in your personal account, you should contact the medical organization that issued it, and specify the details of what number your ELN has and what SNILS it is issued for. It is possible that a typo occurred when entering the data by the medical worker. Also, the number of the electronic disability certificate can be found in the regional branch of the Social Insurance Fund.
By the way
From 2022, electronic sick leave will be issued to all citizens. At the same time, you do not need to spend time filling out consent forms for its issuance in a medical organization.
To date, more than 70 million electronic hospital cards have been issued, most of them in Moscow, the Moscow Region and Tatarstan.
Weekly magazine “Argumenty I Fakty” No. 22. Grandfather-hydromet? How to improve the accuracy of weather forecasts 02/06/2021
280 years ago, on June 4, 1741, two packet boats left the Avacha Bay, St. Peter the Apostle and St. Paul the Apostle. On the first one, the captain-commander raised his pennant.Vitus Bering.
By mid-July, the ships had reached the shores of America. The Russians have set foot on the newly discovered lands, thus claiming our right to these territories. Vitus Bering and Commander of St. Paul the Apostle, Lieutenant Commander Alexey Chirikov deservedly considered the discoverers of America from the Pacific Ocean.
But Bering’s true goal was not America. The captain-commander was in charge of the project, which received the name “Great Northern Expedition” in historiography. It lasted 10 years, from 1733 to 1743.a person. Seven detachments: 6 marine and onedry & shy;sensible, academic. Goals & nbsp; complete detailed mapping of the entire northern and eastern coast of Eurasia, from Arkhangelsk to Japan. Primary development of the future Northern Sea Route. Collecting information about the peoples, minerals, and other riches of those lands.
This project can be considered as one of the most serious and most successful applications for the Russian priority in the Arctic. This priority was once confirmed in the eyes of the world community by the messages of the famous Captain James Cook.
Missed opportunity
These indisputable facts made it possible for the Russian Foreign Minister to To Sergey Lavrov with full right to say: “We see lamentations about the fact that Russia is deploying military activity in the Arctic. Everyone has known for a long time that this is our territory, our land, ” the statement was made on the eve of Sergey Lavrov’s departure for the Arctic Council ministerial meeting, which was held in Reykjavik on 19-20May. Lavrov’s words caused a storm of protests among the activists of the Western public. So, one of the readers of the German newspaper Die Welt was indignant: “What did you say there? Does the Arctic belong to Russia? Not on this planet!”A reader of the British Daily Mail newspaper was more specific:” This is nothing more than another land grab for the sake of natural resources!»
To hear a reproach about “land grabbing for resources” from a representative of a nation that was once a colonial monster that had taken over India and Australia and was trying to take over North America is, to say the least, amusing. In general, these feelings were perfectly described Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov, who said: “The most vulgar thing in the world is the sting of a missed opportunity.”
Map of Okhotsk in 1737. This is the first Russian city in the Far East. In 1740, the Bering expedition went from here to the shores of North America. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
Our discoveries
The attitude to the fact that the Arctic belongs to the Russians has changed dramatically over the course of history, from the anxious to the calm and back to the anxious to the angry.
The fact is that only Russia seems to have been able to fully benefit from the Great Geographical Discoveries in the long term. We used to think that our country entered that race late and did not shine in anything special. While the “advanced peoples” were discovering America and making their first circumnavigations, the Russians, they say, could only quietly waddle to the Urals and there freeze for many years.
No! Already in the early XVI century. the first international application for the Russian Arctic was made. Then the Moscow diplomat Dmitry Gerasimov visited the Pope Clement VII. He boasted of the “barbarian” journey Magellan & nbsp;we have finally found a sea route to China around the world. To which Gerasimov calmly replied: “The ocean in the north has such a huge extent that, keeping to the right bank, you can reach the country of China from the White Sea by ship.” And he presented a hand-drawn map of the Arctic Ocean coast from the mouth of the Northern Dvina River to the Ob River.
In Europe, they immediately estimated that the “Russian way” is slightly shorter, almost three times. This caused alarm. The British and Dutch were eager to go north to outmaneuver the Russians and make such a tempting Northern Sea Route their own.
However, it quickly became clear that the Northern Sea Route, at least in its entirety, was impossible to pass on sailing ships of those times. The risk of losing both men and ships is too great. In addition, it was not known for certain whether Asia met America in the north, or whether there was a strait that allowed access to the Pacific Ocean and reached China. In general, progressive Europe calmed down and, putting on a look of “not very much” and “wanted”, began to colonize and plunder the New World, India and Africa.
Barren Siberia?
The strange Russians, who have been struggling for centuries in their attempts to master the Northern Sea Route, were treated with coolness, if not with a grin. The Northern Sea Route is obviously impassable. A & nbsp; Siberia & hellip; Yes that Siberia? Vast, cold expanses, rich in furs, bone, and sea animals. You can also send convicts there. Probably everything. Is the sheepskin worth the dressing? Especially when compared to the gold and silver that flowed into Europe from the New World?
Meanwhile, the Russians were quietly and modestly doing their job. It’s expensive. The same Great Northern Expedition for which Bering had originally estimated 12,000 men.& nbsp; rub., in the end cost & nbsp; fabulously & nbsp;word amount & nbsp; & nbsp; 360 thousand.rub. The case is extremely dangerous & ndash;the price of Russian success in the Arctic was human lives. The expedition leader Vitus Bering, who proved that there is a strait between Asia and America, died of scurvy and exhaustion. From a broken hip during a storm dies Vasily Pronchishchev, head of the Lensk-Yenisei detachment. On the grave of Pronchishchev, his wife dies Tatiana, the world’s first female polar explorer. Diseases and frosts are ruining the ordinary participants of the “no number”. What are all these sacrifices for? Are they not meaningless?
In the beginning of the XX century. it turns out that they are not meaningless. Russian Geologist Alexander Fersman it is possible to prove theoretically that, for example, the Kola Peninsula is rich in deposits of strategically important ores such as nickel, manganese and cobalt. And there is a high probability that other areas of the Arctic coast of Russia are also rich in them.
Post-mortem reconstruction of Vitus Jonassen Behring’s face. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
Russia & nbsp; forever
This has not escaped the attention of Europe. One of the main goals of the Anglo-French intervention in the Russian North was just minerals. In 1922, the Khibiny ex-pedition of Fersman on its way more than once met a triangle daubed with red paint on the deposits. So the British in 1917 and 1919 marked promising objects.
By that time, it was clear to everyone that the power of the colonial empires was shaky. Gold and silver quickly run out, and former colonies tend to break away from the metropolitan areas. In general, the material bonuses of the age of Great Geographical Discoveries are rapidly turning into nothing.
All of them, except Russia, which in the end completely and completely mastered the Northern Sea Route, and also made Siberia and the Arctic its own. Not a colony, but a full-fledged Russia, which was reflected even in the folk lore: “What about Siberia? Siberia is not afraid, Siberia is also a Russian land!”It has made the usual Russian areas where in 100 years after Bering, gold will be discovered, then rare metals, then diamonds, and relatively recently oil and gas.”
Of course, the Russian officer Vitus Jonassen Behring could not have known any of this. But the instructions given to him contained the main thing that made Siberia and the Arctic Russia by law, and in fact, and in spirit: “If people are found, then treat them kindly and do not embitter them in any way.” Bude same people thoseif they voluntarily wish to become a citizen, then they will also accept citizenship. These are the ones who are most likely to be caressed and, if necessary, to repair the security, and not to burden them with anything, but those who are now experiencing the sting of a missed opportunity, should have thought first of all about this, and not about short-term profit.
The pandemic has made adjustments to the beach holidays of Russians. While popular Turkey is closed, tourists are considering alternatives in Russia, and one of them is Crimea.
АиФ.ги I talked to those who had a rest on the peninsula and found out what to expect from Yalta, Sudak, Sevastopol or Nikolaevka.
Chelyabinsk Sergey Tkachev:& laquo;In & nbsp; July we & nbsp; again go to & nbsp; Crimea & raquo;
“In May, we found ourselves in the Crimea on a hot ticket. Two adults and two children & mdash;the entire price is a little more than 40 & nbsp; thousand rubles. For such a penny we all, of course. liked.
Sergey liked the rest, despite some inconveniences. Photo: From the personal archive
The hotel was small. Private clean pool, breakfast included. It’s not Turkey, you can’t eat too much, but the food is good.
I asked how much the accommodation costs if you book it separately, without a flight. They named the amount of 3600 per day. And for July, when we want to come again, we have already been oriented as 4500, but this is without the cost of food. Supposedly in the summer, you must take breakfast and lunch or breakfast and dinner, and this is also 300-350 rubles per person for each meal. It turns out very expensive. That & nbsp;is to & nbsp; season prices are inflated, and & nbsp;we had to abandon & nbsp; this hotel.
The Tkachevs liked the hotel. Photo: From the personal archive
But I found a small hotel in Sudak at a reasonable price. We haven’t been to Sudak, but my former colleague spends his holidays there every year. He likes it very much. I think the places are beautiful.
Speaking of the Crimea, it is nature that needs to be highlighted in the first place. Very beautiful nature, mountains, sea. And the infrastructure, of course, is lame. Many places —the Soviet Union is not & nbsp;in the best sense. The owner’s hand and finances are not enough right now. Although the same Sevastopol, of course, is beautiful.
The Tkachevs liked Sevastopol. Photo: From the personal archive
The locals are not exactly inhospitable, but resentful. I didn’t like their attitude towards us. We did not buy excursions at exorbitant prices, but tried to take buses or rent a car ourselves.
The children appreciated the hotel’s swimming pool. Photo: From the personal archive
Somehow we got on the wrong bus, and I got on the wrong bus, so I didn’t get on my own bus. And the ticket office sells tickets with seats. I was very rudely told to stand up. Still quite often, local people say phrases in this spirit: “Here you are & nbsp; have come to rest, and & nbsp; we are going to work, get up and give up your seats.” So we have children, and we could not drive away. If you buy something on the market, they seem to think everything is correct, but they try to deceive you. And you will start counting & mdash;you will not prove anything.
Local products are popular with tourists. Photo: From the personal archive
We liked the Crimean products. Everything is delicious, but there are no chain stores, so the prices are scattered. Difficulties with payments: the usual online transfers do not work. Bank cards in the Crimea are generally a problem, mostly cash is everywhere. There are no our banks, only their own.
And, what was even more surprising, the navigator does not see the Crimean Bridge! If you don’t know how to get on it, you’ll get lost. Problems with the cellular connection, we were connecting to a local carrier.
With today’s unimportant affairs with tourism, Crimea remains almost the only place to relax on the sea. Sochi is insanely expensive. Turkey, like many other countries, is closed. Tickets for a plane from Chelyabinsk are cool, 9-10 thousand per person in one way. We will go in July in our own car. I hope Crimea won’t disappoint us again.
Muscovite Yulia Yakovenko: “It’s good not to be in the season and not to leave the hotel”
For us, trips to the Crimea in the off-season have already become a tradition: there are hotels where children are busy almost all day, and for us it is an ideal option in the holidays. Because sitting in Moscow is boring, and in the last year, because of the pandemic, it was difficult to go abroad.
We & nbsp; go to & nbsp; one and & nbsp; the&the same hotel in Alushta. My son is already a schoolboy, there is a lot of entertainment for him there. On vacation days, it opens up something like a city of professions. Today you try yourself as a tourist guide, tomorrow you try yourself as a cook. They earn local money & mdash; portomariki, & mdash; then they can & nbsp; change them for & nbsp; different bonuses. Teenagers are even taken on hikes there, for example, this time they went to the Jur-Jur waterfall with the animators. They arrange picnics and discos. My son is busy all day, he is interested.
There is also a kindergarten there. I didn’t leave my youngest daughter there, but there are also many activities for her at the hotel: kinetic sand, Montessori room, zoo, pony rides. All activities are divided by age, so any child has something to do.
Meals there are three meals a day, the dinner includes alcohol: wine, beer, sangria. After the pandemic, the food became worse: it used to be varied, now it feels like the same thing, just with different sauces.
We do not go beyond the hotel grounds, for me our south is more of a subject of fear. The son went with his grandmother and grandfather, they bought something for the territory, everything was fine. But we did not have such a need: there is a lot of food in the hotel, and you do not want to risk your health outside of it.
By the way, the hotel always has a doctor on duty. It was very useful to us when we fell ill with rotavirus at the end of our vacation in the fall. Unfortunately, this problem exists in our south. I & nbsp; sin on & nbsp; pool: usually we & nbsp; try to avoid it, but last year it was such a warm October that we could not stand it, we swam. And got sick.
The prices here are relatively low. If you come here once during the bathing season (from May to October), you are given a coupon. And if you come in the season of health, then there are other months, then live only at the & nbsp;price of food. We & nbsp; so went & nbsp;—came out 80 thousand for four for 10 & nbsp; days.
One day after the pandemic, we were sent a special offer: you will live at the same price as last time, but we will make an update to the suite. And we did: we were given a room of 70 square meters, with two giant balconies, a kitchen, a dining room. We paid for food„ breakfast plus dinner & ldquo; 68 & nbsp; thousand rubles for & nbsp; four. This was in April of this year.
In general, in the summer I would rather fly abroad, and in the off-season we like the Crimea.
The Brusilov breakthrough, which began on June 4, 1916, is a bright spot in the dim background of Russia’s participation in the First World War. But, counting our losses during this offensive, it is time to recall King Pyrrhus: “One more such victory, and I will be left without an army.”
Between a coward and a traitor
Adjutant General Alexey Alekseyevich Brusilov He was appointed to command the South-Western Front in March 1916. On the entire line of contact with the German and Austro-Hungarian troops, it was regarded as secondary. More important were the Northwestern (General Kuropatkin) and Western (General Evert) fronts. On April 1, a military council was held in Mogilev, where the imperial headquarters was located, at which plans for military operations for 1916 were outlined.
In the book of memoirs, which is also called “Memoirs”, Brusilov wrote about the course of the event: “Kuropatkin said that it was very difficult to count on the success of his front and that, in his opinion, the breakthrough of the German front was absolutely incredible, because their fortified bands were strongly fortified.” He, in turn, said that he fully agreed with Kuropatkin’s opinion, did not believe in success, and believed that it would be better to continue to maintain a defensive mode of action until we had heavy artillery, at least in the same size as our enemy.
In short, in his memoirs, Brusilov brought out Kuropatkin as a coward, and Evert as a coward and a traitor. All in white — & nbsp; he alone, Alexey Alekseevich. When the Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, General Mikhail Alekseev, asked him about his plans, he replied: “The South-Western Front, in my opinion, not only can, but must advance, and I believe that we have every chance of success, of which I am personally convinced.” To this General Alekseev replied that in principle he has no objections, but he considers it his duty to warn me that I will not receive anything in addition to the troops I have.”
No one could answer Brusilov. Evert was killed by the Chekists in 1917, Alekseev died in 1918, Kuropatkin in 1925. Neither of them left any memoirs.
Third way
The First World War had long since acquired a positional character. The Russian, German, and Austro-Hungarian armies dug themselves into dugouts and trenches, and entangled the entire front line with barbed wire. The breakthrough of the enemy’s defense required many days of heavy artillery work, huge human casualties and the concentration of all forces in one place.
The way out of the positional impasse was sought either in toxic gases, or in the use of tanks. Brusilov, according to him, suggested a third way: “I ordered not in one, but in all the armies of the front entrusted to me to prepare one strike area, and in addition, in some corps to choose their own strike area and in all these areas to immediately begin earthworks to approach the enemy. Thanks to this, on the front entrusted to me, the enemy will see such earthworks in 20-30 places.
And the thunder broke
The offensive was postponed several times at the request of General Evert, a neighbor on the right, but at dawn on May 22, the Southwestern Front began to break through.
“I must admit,” Brusilov wrote in his Memoirs, ” that everywhere our artillery attack was crowned with complete success. In most cases, the passages were made in sufficient numbers and thoroughly, and the first fortified strip was completely swept away and, together with its defenders, turned into a pile of rubble and torn bodies.
In the post-war memoirs of a German military commander Ludendorff Russian Russian General Graf von Botmer completely repulsed the Russian attack in the area of Tarnopol, but in the other two areas the Russians were completely successful and deeply broke through the Austro-Hungarian front.
In the last days of Nyun, the Western Front launched an offensive on Baranovichi, which ended in failure and heavy losses. Evert’s troops followed the strategy of concentrating their forces on one area of the breakthrough and lost. It was not possible to hide the preparations for the offensive, and the enemy prepared in advance. In defense of Eveter, we can say that he was opposed by the Germans, and Brusilov was mainly opposed by Austrians, Hungarians, Croats, and Czechs… They were worse with the artillery, and the morale is well written Jaroslav Hasek. By the way, the brave soldier Schweik was captured by the Russian troops of the South-Western Front.
“At the end of October, in fact, the military operations of 1916 ended,” Brusilov wrote. From the day of the offensive on May 20 to November 1, over 450,000 officers and men were captured by the Southwestern Front. During this time, the enemy lost over 1,500,000 killed and wounded.
The political consequences of the Brusilov breakthrough were as follows: Austria-Hungary could not defeat Italy, and Romania entered the war on the side of the Entente. Russian troops liberated part of Eastern Galicia and all of Bukovina.
Fly in the ointment
In Soviet times, the Brusilov breakthrough was one of the few events of the First World War that historians willingly covered. Partly because, against the generally bleak backdrop of Russia’s involvement in that war, it was actually a success. Partly due to the fact that after the October Revolution, Brusilov switched sidesHowever, it is not difficult to notice that all the laudatory reviews about the Brusilov breakthrough were drawn by Soviet historians from the memoirs of Brusilov himself. More modern works make quite significant adjustments to this blissful image.
Historian Sergey Nelipovich, an employee of the IRI RAS, wrote in the 90s that the Brusilov breakthrough was largely mythologized, its success exaggerated, and the losses of the Russian army downplayed. Indeed, most sources say that by June 13, 1916, the Southwestern Front had lost only 497,000 men against the enemy’s million-strong losses by the end of the year. However, the operation continued to develop, so that by the fall, the Russian losses reached 1.5 million soldiers and officers.
“Russian troops,” wrote Nelipovich, ” thanks to the Brusilov method.”;(to deliver multidirectional strikes across the entire front line) choked on their own blood … Kovel, which attracted all the attention of Brusilov, like Selena Lunatic, was never taken, despite the monstrous losses of three armies that stormed it in vain. It is no accident that many authors have linked the disintegration of the Russian army with the collapse of hopes for the development of success as a result of the Brusilov offensive.
The Falcon 9 launch vehicle went into space with the Dragon spacecraft, which is supposed to deliver cargo for the crew of the International Space Station. The broadcast is on the website of the American company SpaceX.
The rocket launched at 13: 29 East Coast time (20: 29 Moscow time) from the launch complex in Florida. The docking with the space station is scheduled to take place on June 5.
The ship will deliver two new solar panels to the station. Before that, NASA reported that the old solar antennas are working normally, but there are signs of wear and tear, writes TASS.
In addition, Dragon will bring food and materials for scientific research to the ISS.
Earlier it was reported that the astronauts on board the ISS for the first time this year went into outer space under the Russian program, Oleg Novitsky and Peter Dubrovu will prepare the old module “Pier” for undocking from the station.
The Arbitration Court of the Sverdlovsk region, which previously did not collect about 40 million rubles from the ex-director of the show “Ural dumplings” Sergey Netievsky, refused to review this decision on newly discovered circumstances, RIA Novosti reports.
In the lawsuit, eight participants of the Ural Dumplings association asked to invalidate the contract between the company and Netievsky dated January 1, 2013, in addition, they wanted to oblige the former director to return the remuneration received under the contract (about 40 million rubles).
According to the plaintiffs, the transaction was concluded with an interest, for which Netievsky did not receive corporate approval.
However, the court found that the plaintiffs did not prove one necessary condition for invalidating the contract – the harm caused by the transaction to the interests of the collective.
Later, the plaintiffs called a new circumstance the discovery of another payment document, which was transferred to Netievsky one million rubles for the so-called missing concert. At the same time, in another case, it was already established that the show, first held on paper under the name “Morse Corporation”, then passed under the name “In search of Asphaltida”, the money for its organization Netievsky received legally.
Prior to this, the Moscow arbitration court recovered 375 thousand rubles from the company of the ex-director of the Ural Dumplings collective, Sergey Netievsky, for illegal use of the brand. It was about 15 programs of the collective posted on the Internet.
Netievsky has been the director of the team since 2011, but in 2015, the project participants voted to remove him. The conflict escalated after the start of legal proceedings for the right to use the brand and video materials.
Two new types of messages have become available to users in the social network “VKontakte”, reports . Газета.ги with reference to the press service of the organization.
Now citizens will be able to exchange silent and disappearing messages. “Quiet messages come without sound: you can not be afraid to wake up the interlocutor or distract from important matters,” the press service of the social network explained.
In this case, the disappearing messages will disappear after a while. Moreover, the user will be able to decide when it will be deleted.
Recall that on the Day of National Unity, the social network VKontakte conducted an experiment to combat bullying and insults in the comments. As part of the test period, VKontakte launched two new features at once, which helped users to face intolerance less often, in particular, harassment on the basis of nationality, insults based on religious affiliation, appearance or the presence of diseases.
