Hero of the Soviet Union, retired Colonel Vasily Michurin died in Belarus at the age of 105. This is reported on the website of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic.
The department expressed its condolences on the occasion of Michurin’s death. They noted that the bright and kind memory of him will forever remain in the hearts of millions of residents of the country.
Vasily Michurin was a participant in the Soviet-Finnish and Great Patriotic Wars. He received the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union Michurin in April 1940.
For his participation in the storming of Konigsberg, Michurin was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War II degree. He received the second such order for the capture of the capital of the Third Reich.
Recall that recently, at the age of 84, the helicopter test pilot “Mi” Hero of the Soviet Union Gurgen Karapetyan passed away.
Cloudy weather and icy conditions are forecast in the Russian capital on Friday, December 17, the official website of the Hydrometeorological Center of the Russian Federation reports.
“Light precipitation. The wind is north-westerly at a speed of three to eight meters per second,” the message says.
During the day, the air temperature in the city will be from minus one to plus one degrees. Atmospheric pressure is 743 millimeters of mercury.
On Saturday night, clouds, light snow and ice are expected in the capital. The thermometer columns can drop to minus three degrees.
The wind is northwest at a speed of five to ten meters per second. The atmospheric pressure will be 748 millimeters of mercury.
Earlier, forecasters told about the weather on New Year’s Eve. According to the forecast, in Moscow, the thermometer columns may drop to minus 16 degrees. At the same time, the air in Sochi will warm up to plus four degrees.
Weekly magazine “Arguments and Facts” No. 50. Where are the new buildings going? 15/12/2021
This year, the United States has landed another rover on Mars, already the fifth in a row. China has done it too, but for the first time. Private cosmonautics is rapidly developing in Western countries, and Elon Musk He has put on stream the production of returnable rocket stages and is building a manned reusable launch vehicle Starship.
And what about Russia? In 2021, we announced the upcoming withdrawal from the ISS program, announced the creation of a national orbital station and again postponed the launch of the Luna-25 station. Oh, yes, they sent a “movie crew” into orbit About where Russia’s place is in the new “space race” and where we should move on, we are talking with Scientific director of the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Lev Zeleny.
Klondike near the Ground
Dmitry Pisarenko, «AiF»: Lev Matveyevich, indeed, it turns out that the most notable event for our cosmonaut this year is the flight of artists to the ISS. But we were so waiting for the launch of the station to the moon, where we haven’t been since 1976. Isn’t it a shame?
Lion Green:You know, there are fat years, and there are hungry ones. “Luna-25” was supposed to leave in October, but Roscosmos postponed the launch to the summer of 2022. We’ve been waiting for so many years, we can wait a few more months. For 45 years our vehicles have not flown to the moon, well, well, now it will be 46. But in the summer there will be a good starting window, and the station will fly with minimal costs.
A similar story came out with the Martian apparatus. We have a joint project with the Europeans — «ExoMars». The device was supposed to be launched in July 2020, when there was a suitable window, but they did not have time to finalize it: our specialists had to conduct tests in Italy, and then a pandemic happened. Now we are waiting for the launch in 2022.
The Chinese have already landed the spacecraft on the far side of the moon, which is technically much more difficult. Who will we surprise with the launch of the “Moon-25”? What will this mission give?
We don’t just want to get to the moon, but to its South Pole. No one has landed in this area yet. It has its own difficulties, ballistic limitations.
It’s not just us who are targeting the polar regions of the moon. The USA and China are also going to send expeditions there. The fact is that there is a different natural environment, it differs from the average lunar latitudes, where all the landings were before. The main thing is that there are deposits of water ice, there are many indications of this. It lies under the surface, it is not clear yet,how deep. And water always attracts the attention of scientists: it is a source of life and resources. If you build a lunar base, then it is there. From water by electrolysis, using solar energy, of which there is a lot on the Moon, it is possible to obtain oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen — for breathing, hydrogen — as fuel for longer flights, besides Mars.
There are a lot of interesting things there for science. Water ice has been delivered to the moon by comets for 4 billion years, and it has already been proven that their substance can contain complex organic molecules, grains of future life. It is possible that in the lunar soil, as in the “eternal refrigerator”, these molecules have been preserved. Finally, the Moon is excellenta place for astrophysical measurements. There is no atmosphere, magnetic field, radio noise. If you put an observatory there, it will be very convenient to explore cosmic rays — ultra-high energy particles coming from the depths of the Galaxy. We call them “wanderers of the universe”. My friend Mikhail Panasyuk, who headed the Research Institute of Nuclear Physics at Moscow State University and died of coronavirus a year ago, proposed a large research complex to study these particles. From the point of view of fundamental science, this is a very important project.
And what practical benefits can the exploration of the Moon bring? Is it true that there are a lot of rare earth metals there and it’s just a Klondike at our side?
Besides comets, the moon was bombarded by asteroids. They come in stone and metal. The main metal in them is iron, but there are inclusions of nickel, cobalt, platinum, gold, silver. Vladislav Shevchenko another friend of mine, who heads the Department of Lunar and Planetary Research of the Moscow State University Traffic Police, made calculations and came to the conclusion that one metal asteroid with a diameter of 1.5 km that fell on the moon may contain various elements worth up to 1.2 quadrillion rubles (Quadrillion – unit with 15 zeros, million billion.Imagine, one asteroid can cover the needs of mankind in nickel for 2 thousand, and cobalt for 10 thousand years ahead! At the same time, it is not necessary to build mines to extract valuable raw materials, it already lies near the surface, from the lunar orbit it can be seen in craters.
On Earth, the shortage of rare and rare earth metals is being felt more and more, due to the development of high-tech industries, the need for them is growing, and production is declining. According to forecasts, the proven reserves of platinum, copper and nickel will last no more than 40 years. What’s next? That’s where the Moon can come to the rescue. Of course, the delivery of theseresources on the Ground is a very difficult task. But it is not surprising that Americans are actively engaged in asteroids. They have such an idea to change their orbit, bring them closer to the Earth, and then master the extraction of resources on them. But it seems to me that it is easier and cheaper to extract the same substance on the moon, where it was left by already fallen asteroids.
What is dangerous about Mars?
— A new Federal Space Program will start operating in 2025. What should we focus on?
I think the first 5-6 years of the new program will be devoted to those projects that were developed and funded under the current one, but were not implemented. This is primarily a “Spectrum-UV” continuation of the experiments of the “Spectrum” series. In 2019, we launched the orbiting astrophysical observatory “Spectrum-RG”, which builds a detailed map of the Universe in the X-ray wavelength range. A «Spectrum-UV» will work inobserve the birth of new stars, explore exoplanets, etc. in the ultraviolet range. The American Hubble Orbital Telescope has this range. But it will finish its work in 5 years, and our “Spectrum-UV” will become the only device in this segment of scientific research. After it, it is planned to launch another space observatory, “Millimetron”. This is a very bold project — there is a complex technique, subtle measurements.
But the main thing I’m waiting for is the exploration of Venus. The launch of the Venus-D spacecraft is scheduled for the end of the decade. Roscosmos proposed to develop a whole program, to make several expeditions. Let me remind you that the Soviet Union carried out 10 successful landings on Venus! We have a good tradition of exploring this planet, it is not for nothing that it is called “Russian”. It is worth remembering that the “noble” atmosphere of Venus was discovered by our great compatriot Lomonosov in 1761.
Unfortunately, we have no program on Mars, except for “ExoMars”, so far. But it’s already pretty crowded there, so it’s better to aim at Venus.
As a rule, we do not have enough money for everything we have planned. Maybe we should assess our capabilities more soberly and focus on the moon, since it promises such practical benefits?
— So it will be, the moon is a priority. The current program includes three expeditions to it — «Moon-25», «26» and «27». But there are plans for “Luna-28” with the delivery of soil from the polar regions, and “Luna-29”, within which a robot geologist will be planted. His task is to look for resources on the moon, the same rare metals. And then everything should go into a manned program with the deployment of a lunar base and an astrophysical observatory.
—Who will be the first to set foot on Mars? American or Chinese?
— I don’t really believe that such a flight will take place at all in the foreseeable future. It is fraught with many dangers that are rarely talked about. The main thing is radiation, those very particles of ultrahigh energies. They not only cause radiation sickness, but also affect the brain, and in real time, that is, immediately. Such experiments were conducted in Dubna. There, mice were trained to run in a maze and look for food. They memorized this path, and then they were exposed to radiation equivalent to that received by astronauts on a flight to Mars. And the mice forgot everything. What does it mean? The fact that, perhaps, on the way to Mars, the crew will forget how to control the ship.
At one time, Korolev was afraid that a person in space might go crazy. Fortunately, the Earth’s magnetic field and atmosphere protect us from high-energy particles, they are also “cut off” in near-Earth orbit, so the ISS crew is relatively safe. But beyond the geomagnetic field, astronauts will fall under the harsh effects of radiation, and what will happen to their psyche and memory is really unclear.
Race without Russia
—Elon Musk, meanwhile, is delirious about colonizing Mars, dreaming of resettling a million people there. How do you feel about the outrageous billionaire? Is it worth learning something from him?
—He is trying to solve the most difficult tasks, although in many ways he repeats what we did half a century ago. But he has big plans and opportunities, as well as NASA support.
I think we need our own Ilona Masks. Recently there was an anniversary Lomonosov and, paraphrasing our wonderful scientist and poet, I can say on the subject that “the Russian land can give birth to its own Ilons”. But for this we need to work, and we are doing something. Recently we held an educational conference “The Road to Space”. Physics and astronomy teachers, university professors, museum workers, and planetarium staff gather there. The task is to attract the most talented guys to cosmonautics. It’s not easyto do. Space, unfortunately, has lost the great romance that it had before and which invited me and my comrades to this industry in the 1960s and 70s. The same thing happened in the USA, by the way. Americans were very proud of their first “Apollo”, which landed on the moon. The second one, too, and then, when the third, fourth, and fifth flew, complaints went to television: why are you showing us another moon landing instead of a baseball game? People are fed up.
I hope that the new studies of the Moon and Venus, which we talked about, will cause a surge of interest in space among our schoolchildren and young people. And again there will be a place for romance.
Here I want to argue with your skepticism about filming in space. It is not easy to return romance to the cosmos, and, as the classics teach us, “cinema is the most important of the arts.” Everything is measured by the result — let’s wait for the release of the movie «Challenge », and then we will discuss it. Each generation has its own iconic films that influence the life paths of many and manyyoung people, and this effect cannot be overestimated. For me, these were “9 days of one year” and “I’m going to a thunderstorm”, which came out just in those years when I had to make a difficult decision to try to enter the MIPT space faculty. For someone, such films have become wonderful “Goal selection” and “The time of the first”. I hope that «The Challenge » will fall into this glorious cohort.
Can the tense geopolitical situation benefit our cosmonautics, as it was in the twentieth century? Are we withdrawing from the ISS project, including for political reasons?
— Who told you that? There are not political reasons, but purely technical ones. I attended many meetings where colleagues from the RSC “Energy” described the situation. The ISS has been flying for more than 20 years, a lot of things are starting to fail there. This is the main motive.
Maybe not a motive, but rather a reason? And what is not said aloud at meetings is implied in the Kremlin offices?
Of course, politics is everywhere, but if you have a car, you won’t drive it for 50 years. Everything is getting old, technology too. We are talking about specific things – failures of technical systems, aging of metal.
Geopolitics is not as important for the development of our cosmonautics now as it used to be in the Korolev era. Although the race continues, only China plays the role of the Soviet Union in it. Now America is chasing him and does not want to let him go ahead. And the Chinese are great, no one has sat on the other side of the moon yet, they are the first. They spend a lot of money on space, though they never disclose how much. And they are somehow lucky, they manage to do everything the first time. the USSRall the time I was smashing my first apparatuses, and the Chinese had their first landing on the Moon turned out to be soft, and they immediately sat down on the other side, and the soil was successfully delivered. And most importantly, it turned out right away with Mars, but it’s very difficult to sit on it.
I just want the Chinese comrades not to forget how much they learned from Soviet and Russian space colleagues.
The Strategic Missile Forces celebrate their professional holiday on December 17. On this day in 1959, the main headquarters of the missile forces was established in the USSR and the post of their commander-in-chief was established. On the eve of «AiF » admitted to the forge of RVSN personnel.
Lieutenants and lieutenants
Actually, the alma mater of strategic rocket scientists dates back to 1820, when the Mikhailovsky Artillery School opened in St. Petersburg. In 1919, it was reformatted into the Artillery Academy of the Red Army, but the traditions remained. For example, the wearing of spurs on boots for cadets was canceled only in 1953.
In 1945, the Academy opened the Faculty of Jet Weapons, from which the modern Military Academy of Strategic Missile Forces named after Peter the Great directly originated.
The training situational Center of the RVSN Academy. Photo: AIF/Sergey Osipov
Since 2015. The RVSN Academy is located in Balashikha, not far from Moscow. All students at the Academy are divided into cadets and trainees. Cadets are future lieutenants who come here after school or after serving in the army. They, as expected, study for 5 years, and after graduation together with the lieutenant’sshoulder straps receive the same state-issued diploma as those given by civilian universities. The closest to the profile of Bauman Moscow State Technical University, MAI, MEI. Of course, there are differences in the programs. If Baumanka trains specialists in the design of rocket technology, then the Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces trains specialists in operation.
In the last 4 years, 10 girls have been accepted to the RVSN Academy for the course. The competition among them is higher than that of the guys: 10 against 4. Girls can only study in one profile: operation of software and hardware complexes. On «citizen» it is called IT. In practice, after graduation from the academy, they will serve at the control points of missile associations and formations, at the Central Command Post of the Strategic Missile Forces.
The main building of the academy is tied to a rocket. Photo: AIF/Sergey Osipov
How to catch a spy
Upon admission, applicants undergo a professional psychological selection, which lasts 4 hours. According to its results, everyone is divided into 4 categories. The fourth is immediately said goodbye, the third is suitable, but with restrictions, and only 1 and 2 categories are accepted without question. In the learning process, psychologists work with cadets every semester.
“The Strategic Missile Forces are not strong, but smart,” says Colonel Andrey Mosienko, head of the Training and methodological Department of the Academy — And precisely because we are smart, we are capable and ready to carry out this order. And we know how to execute it and what will happen as a result of its execution».
Once the Strategic Missile Forces were a type of Armed Forces, in the modern army it is the most high-tech branch of the armed forces. Out of a million military personnel, the share of strategic rocket scientists is relatively small: about 8% serve in the Missile Forces, mostly officers. Everyone, as a rule, knows each other. The rocket scientists have such a professional joke: if the rocket scientists who met for the first time in 5 minutes of conversation did not find common acquaintances, then one of them is a foreign spy.
Calculation of the RVSN drone at work. Photo: AIF/Sergey Osipov
Master with shoulder straps
The bulk of graduates are on duty at launchers or serve missiles in mines and mobile complexes.
The most popular specialties at the graduation are calculation engineer and combat calculation officer.
In contrast to other troops, where lieutenants receive personnel at the beginning of primary officer positions, this is not the case in the Strategic Missile Forces. It’s the opposite here: you can “grow up” to a captain, and in some cases even a major, and it’s not at all necessary to have soldiers under your command. The personnel of the rocket men may appear later, but for this you need to become a group commander or his deputy.
Officers in the rank from Major to Colonel return to the RVSN Academy for a second higher education. They will need it to take up the positions of regimental commander and above. You can grow up to a division commander with the baggage of knowledge that was obtained together with the lieutenant’s shoulder straps. To go further, it is requireda new level of competence, which is mainly related to management activities. In civil higher education, this corresponds to a master’s degree. Masters from majors and colonels are made in 2 years, this is already the level of the deputy commander and chief of staff of the missile division. Then — only through the Academy of the General Staff.
Rehearsal of combat duty. Photo: AIF/Sergey Osipov
What to do at the end of the world?
The name of perhaps the most important class in the RVSN Academy sounds threatening: a training command post for practicing the use of missile weapons. There is the same equipment here as on the KP of a missile regiment equipped with mine-based launchers. All the equipment is new, then there are in the Academy of Peoplethey are trained immediately for promising missile systems. For example, on «Sarmat» with heavy multi-stage liquid intercontinental ballistic missile of the 5th generation. When the current cadets get to the real control center, located deep underground, it should seem familiar and familiar to them.
But what’s definitely not going to be there is the remote control of the class leader. It is with him that the cadets are given introductory: critical situations that they will have to overcome and remember in the learning process. Introductory can be very different.
To keep in mind the order of response to all critical situations, not even the most brainy rocketeer can. Not can not should. To do this, he has detailed instructions in which all the moves are recorded. And here then, on which shelf of the safe for storing secret documentation is a volume with the necessary instructions for each specific case, you need to remember. Remember so well that without hesitation immediately reach out and pull out.
Games played by rocket men. Photo: AIF/Sergey Osipov
People and robots
In general, who only in the RVSN Academy does not prepare! For example, specialists for the 12 Main Directorate of the Ministry of Defense, which is responsible for nuclear technical support and security. Or officers of the landfill service for Kapustin Yar in the Astrakhan region, where ballistic missiles and other types of weapons are being tested. One of the relatively new specialties is robotics.
Robots in the RVSN are different. Flying, for example, are used mainly for reconnaissance of the terrain, along which mobile missile systems will have to pass. Ground robots are used in automated security systems of objects. Since robots are still imperfect all over the world, operators are looking after them. Only people are trustedthe right to make a decision on opening fire. However, this applies to all Strategic Missile Forces that are preparing for the use of weapons so that these weapons will never be used.
This is what the red start button looks like. Photo: AIF/Sergey Osipov
The first regiment of the Sarmat complex will take up combat duty at the end of next year in the Uzhur missile compound, the commander of the Strategic Missile Forces, Colonel-General Sergei Karakaev, said on the TV channel Zvezda.
“I believe that this task will be completed,” he said and noted that currently the Uzhur Missile Division of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is working on the preparation of infrastructure.
In addition, according to him, work is currently underway to prepare for flight tests.
The Sarmat intercontinental ballistic missile will replace the Voivode strategic missile, which is considered the heaviest in the world.
In April last year, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced that the rocket was undergoing final tests. Work on the project began in 2011.
Weekly magazine “Arguments and Facts” No. 50. Where are the new buildings going? 15/12/2021 The expert’s answer is 0 + –
“Flight accidents due to icing in recent years have been rare,” says Ruben Yesayan, Advisor to the General Director of the State Civil Aviation Research Institute . The instructions clearly indicate at what temperature the aircraft should be treated with anti-icing compounds. These liquids, by the way, are imported, they are not cheap. The decision for processing is made by the commander of the vessel together with the airport, and the latter may not allow the take-off of an aircraft that has not been processed. By the way, the rules of operation of allThe civil airliners I know say that all horizontal surfaces of aircraft should be covered with de-icing, and not only the wings.
Just because part of the fuselage of the S7 aircraft was not processed, it was covered with a crust of ice and had to make an emergency landing in Irkutsk.
A unique quantum secure communication network was launched on the basis of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, the press service of the university reports.
This is the first communication network in the country that uses the protection of transmitted information using the quantum cryptographic system for generating and distributing ViPNet QSS keys. The peculiarity of the technology used is that if attackers try to intercept the encryption keys, the transmitted quantum states will be automatically distorted.
Currently, the University Quantum Network (UCS) unites five quantum devices installed at Moscow State University and in the office of the project partner “Infotex” company. The network can distribute quantum keys to 20 subscriber terminals located at a distance of up to 40 km. Work on the creation of a quantum-protected segment at Moscow State University began in December 2020.
“Quantum developments can become the foundation of Russia’s information security system. The UKS project has great scientific, experimental and practical potential, as it is open to connecting other universities, which will allow them to conduct research on the possibilities of quantum key distribution and quantum equipment,” a representative of the partner company said.
Earlier it was reported that Russia plans to enter the international market of quantum technologies by 2030.
On Thursday, December 16, the State Duma deputies adopted in the first reading a bill on access to public places by a certificate with a QR code. 329 deputies voted in favor, 87 voted against. Another parliamentarian chose to abstain from voting.
As representatives of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, “Fair Russia” For the Truth” and “New People”, the document violates the rights of Russians. The draft law on the use of QR codes in public places and on some types of transport was sent to the State Duma for consideration on November 12. On December 14, the bill on QR codes in public places was supported by the State Duma Committee on Health Protection.
What are the rules for visiting public places?
The specific list of places where QR codes are needed to visit will be determined by the heads of regions, the document says. Regional authorities still have the right to enter QR codes for visiting public places, the bill only secures this right for them.
The document assumes that citizens will be able to visit places of mass events, cultural institutions, catering and retail facilities only if they have a QR code about vaccination, a medical withdrawal document or a transferred COVID-19.
The restrictions will not affect pharmacies, grocery stores and essential goods.
Will it be possible to present the result of the PCR test?
A negative PCR test for coronavirus will be available until February 1. After that, such a document will be valid only for citizens with a medical discharge.
How long will the restrictions apply?
The adopted norms will be valid until June 1, 2022.
Will I need to present QR codes on transport?
The bill on the introduction of QR codes in public places was submitted to the State Duma on November 12 together with the bill “On Amendments to Article 107 of the Air Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law “Charter of Railway Transport of the Russian Federation”. The document provided for the maintenance of QR codes for air travel and rail travel. However, the bill on QR codes in transport has been severely criticized, in particular by airlines.
On December 13, the document was withdrawn from consideration by the State Duma for processing.
The participants of the I All-Russian Parent Forum discussed the issues of the organization of the overhaul of schools, which concern many. This event was held jointly with the Ministry of Education by United Russia. About a thousand parents from 85 regions of the country attended the meeting.
Minister of Education Sergey Kravtsov He said that the overhaul of schools included in the national program of “United Russia” will start across the country in January 2022.
“On behalf of the President in 2022-2023, it is necessary to carry out major repairs in at least three thousand educational institutions. The volume is unprecedented,” he said.
At the same time, on the one hand, it is necessary that contractors perform the work efficiently, and on the other hand, to involve the public in monitoring this work, to make the project as open as possible.
“The issue of children’s transportation is very important so that the educational process is not disrupted. And when design solutions are planned, schoolchildren and teachers themselves should participate in the discussion of these solutions,” he added.
Under the control of deputies and senators
The implementation of the school overhaul program will be constantly monitored. This will be followed by deputies of all levels from “United Russia” and senators. The list of those responsible will be handed over to the Ministry of Education, said the coordinator of the party project “New School”, first deputy chairman of the State Duma Committee on Education Alain Arshinov.
“Deputies will be constantly in touch directly in the territories. Together with the coordinators of the party project, the New School and the regional authorities will analyze the progress of the work. If possible, online video surveillance will be conducted for the objects,” she said.
Officials who are professionally engaged in this should be responsible for submitting applications for participation in the overhaul program, the head of the State Duma Committee on Education said during the discussion, federal coordinator of the party project “Culture of the small Motherland” Olga Kazakova.
“Not all schools were ready to fill out the applications correctly. When we talk about the bureaucratic burden on teachers, we are fully confident that we can reduce it in this part. We ask the Ministry of Education to take a close look at the application campaign from the regions, including in the light of reducing the responsibility of teachers and raising officials, she said.
Participation of parent committees and thematic spaces
Representatives from the regions told about the initiatives planned to be implemented in schools. For example, it is proposed to provide for the creation of special educational spaces with educational significance in renovated schools. For example, thematic rooms dedicated to the Great Patriotic War are also considered options on the history of the native land. Security training zones are mandatory.
There was also a proposal to compile a register of educational institutions whose warranty period ends. this will make it possible to call unscrupulous contractors to account. Among other initiatives, the involvement of parents’ committees in the preparation of applications even before the start of school repairs, and the equipping of sports facilities in schools by representatives of the professional sports community.
In Moscow, the upcoming New Year’s Eve may be quite frosty – forecasters predict a cold snap to -16 degrees. On the afternoon of December 31, the air temperature will not exceed -8 degrees, snow is also possible, the Russian newspaper reports with reference to Gismeteo.
On the last day of the outgoing year in St. Petersburg, the thermometer columns will show -7 degrees, and at night it will get colder to -13. The festive night will be frosty in Kazan – there the air temperature may drop to -19 degrees, and in Nizhny Novgorod the thermometer columns will show -17. Twenty-degree frosts are expected in Yekaterinburg, Omsk, Tomsk and Novosibirsk.
It will be warmest in Sochi – the air on New Year’s Eve will warm up to +4, and in the afternoon – up to + 10 degrees. In Yalta, on the last day of December, the thermometer will show +7 degrees, and at night it will get colder to zero.
The last time frosts for the New Year in Moscow were recorded in 2016. Then the thermometer columns dropped to -15.9 degrees. The warmest festive night in the capital was in 1925 (+5.1 degrees), and the coldest was in 1905 (-33.6 degrees).
Earlier, Lyudmila Parshina, head of the laboratory of the Hydrometeorological Center of the Russian Federation, noted that 20-degree frosts are waiting for the central part of Russia in the third decade of December.
